How does the DSM-5 define impulsivity?

Impulsivity, as outlined in the DSM-5, is characterized by actions taken hastily and without much consideration. These impulsive actions, such as suddenly darting into the street without looking, carry a high risk of causing harm.

The concept of impulsivity extends beyond just physical actions; it encompasses a broader scope of behaviors driven by an immediate desire for rewards or an inability to delay gratification. This can manifest in various ways, including excessive social intrusiveness, like interrupting others or making significant decisions without fully considering the long-term consequences, such as accepting a job without enough information.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, commonly known as the DSM, is a critical tool in mental health. It serves as the most widely referenced manual for diagnosing and understanding mental health disorders. The DSM's definitions, including that of impulsivity, are integral in identifying and treating conditions related to unhealthy impulsive behaviors.

Its global use and impact are significant, providing clinicians and researchers worldwide with a common language and comprehensive guide for diagnosing mental disorders.

Impulsivity is a prominent feature in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Key symptoms of impulsivity, which are also central to ADHD, include impatience, often evident in situations like waiting in line, blurting out answers prematurely, interrupting or intruding on others, engaging in reckless activities without considering the consequences, and a tendency towards temper outbursts. These behaviors highlight the significant role impulsivity plays in the diagnosis and understanding of ADHD.

The influence of impulsivity extends beyond ADHD, notably impacting individuals with bipolar disorder. While there are overlaps in symptoms with ADHD, bipolar disorder is distinct, characterized by episodic periods of increased activity, poor concentration, and heightened impulsivity. These episodes are marked by elevated mood and grandiosity, among other specific bipolar features, differentiating it from ADHD's consistent pattern of impulsivity.

The roots of impulsivity lie deep within the brain's structure and functioning. Neurobiological evidence suggests that changes or damage in specific brain areas can increase impulsivity. Key areas include the Frontostriatal systems, which connect the frontal lobes to the basal ganglia and are crucial for regulating response inhibition. Damage here can lead to disorders involving impulsivity. The Frontal Cortex, responsible for thinking, self-control, and memory, plays a significant role in ADHD, and its impairment may result in impulsive and dysfunctional decision-making. Additionally, the ventral striatum, part of the brain's reward system, when damaged, can heighten impulsivity, making it challenging to control specific behaviors.