What does hyperactivity in adults with ADHD look like?

Adult ADHD, a complex condition, manifests in various subtypes, with each presenting unique characteristics. One of the least common subtypes is the hyperactive/impulsive form. The visual abstract below illustrates the prevalence of different ADHD subtypes in adults. It shows that only a small percentage, about 7%, exhibit the hyperactive/impulsive subtype alone. In contrast, a much larger portion, 62%, have the combined subtype, which includes elements of hyperactivity and inattention, and 31% have the inattentive subtype. This data demonstrates that while pure hyperactivity is less common, many adults may still experience some of its symptoms as part of the combined subtype.

Hyperactivity in adults with ADHD can manifest in various ways, often more subtly than in children. Many adults report feeling driven by a motor, a constant need for movement or activity. This can take the form of what's termed as micro-movements, as highlighted by the experiences shared by individuals. For example, some may find themselves constantly tapping, shaking a leg, or playing with objects. Others experience a need for continuous mental stimulation, engaging in activities like talking, listening to podcasts, or interacting online. These behaviors, often not overtly disruptive, are indicative of the internal restlessness that some adults with ADHD experience.

Impulsivity is another key aspect of ADHD that falls under the same category of hyperactivity, in terms of ADHD diagnosis. It can have various negative consequences. It often leads to challenges in social interactions, such as interrupting or intruding in conversations, which reflects a disregard for social norms. This impulsive behavior can strain personal and professional relationships. Furthermore, there's a noted link between impulsivity and addiction, where impulsivity can act as both a risk factor and a consequence. Risk-taking and recklessness are also common, leading individuals to engage in risky or antisocial activities without fully considering the consequences. These aspects underscore the importance of understanding and managing impulsivity in adults with ADHD.

Mindfulness meditation emerges as a promising approach for adults dealing with hyperactivity and impulsivity associated with ADHD. This practice involves focusing on the present moment and being aware and non-reactive to thoughts, emotions, and physical states. It's not just about relaxation but a cognitive process of controlling attention and accepting experiences without judgment. By integrating mindfulness with cognitive-behavioral therapy, it has shown effectiveness in treating stress, depression, anxiety, and other disorders. Importantly, preliminary studies suggest that mindfulness meditation might help reduce ADHD symptoms and improve related cognitive functions in adults and adolescents. This approach offers a potential tool for individuals to manage the aspects of hyperactivity and impulsivity in their daily lives.